Miscellaneous Links
HADCRUT4 GISTEMP NOAA data
Cowtan & Way
RSS UAH
Copernicus
MBH98 Data
ACS Primer - Link 1
AMOC - Link 1, Link 2
CO2 as the Culprit - Link 1, (Link 2, Paper, PDF), Link 3
CO2 Vegetative Forcing - Link 1, Link 2
CLIMDEX data indices - Link 1, Link 2
Extreme Events - Link 1
Models - Link 1, Link 2
Polar Bears - Link 1, Link 2
Paleoclimate - Link 1 (Review)
Sea Level Rise - Link 1, Link 2
Sun - Link 1
WXshift - Link 1
0. CO2 Drives IR Radiation
(1) CO2 correlates with DW IR radiation (Link, Image)
1. Increasing Temperature over Land and Oceans
(*) General Source
(1) NASA GISS (2) JMA (3) HadCRUT, HTML
(4) NOAA (5) Weather Balloons, Paper (6) Compo et al. 2013
(*) Using Climate Proxies:
(7) Pollack et al. - https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/pollack.html (http://tinyurl.com/hhqd5af)
(8) NOAA, several studies - https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/images/last2000-large.jpg (http://tinyurl.com/zhy2gju)
(9) Anderson et al. 2012 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL054271/full (http://tinyurl.com/aqruztf)
2. Increasing Sea Surface Temperature
(1) NOAA ERSSTv5
3. Increasing Tropospheric Temperature
(*) TLT: (1) RSS (2) UAH
(*) TMT:
(3) NOAA RATPAC (4) NOAA MSU (5) RSS
(6) HadAT2
4. Increasing Ocean Heat Content
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2019/01/new-ocean-heat-content-histories/
(*) Upper Ocean (0-700m): (1) Gleckler et al. 2016, Press release
(2) Palmer et al. 2009 (3) Pierce et al. 2012 (4) Gleckler et al. 2012
(*) Deeper Ocean: (5) Purkey & Johnson 2010
(6) Loeb et al. 2012 (7) Balmaseda et al. 2013
(8) Both - Nuccitelli et al. 2012
(9) Barnett et al. 2005
5. Increasing Extreme Heat Events
(1) WXshift (2) Coumou & Robinson 2013 (3) Coumou, Robinson, & Rahmstorf 2013
6. Nights Warming Faster than Days
(1) Alexander et al. 2006 (2) Davy et al. 2017
(*) Phys.org (Clear and Easy)
7. Decreasing Stratospheric Temperature
(1) HadAT2 (2) NOAA STAR (3) NOAA
(4) RSS
8. Rising Tropopause
(1) Santer et al. 2003 (2) Science article (w/ fig)
9. Contracting Ionosphere
(1) Lastovicka et al. 2006
10. Increasing Humidity
(1) HadCRUH (2) HadISDH (3) NOAA
(*) Together (*) Do it yourself with NOAA!
11. Increasing Sea Level
(1) Church et al. 2011 (2) NASA Satellite + Floats (3) CU Sea Level Research Group
(4) Cazenave et al. 2014 (No Hiatus)
12. Decreasing Arctic Sea Ice
(1) Stroeve et al. 2011 (Extent) (2) Polar Science Center (Volume)
(*) Multiple sources
13. Decreasing Antarctic Land Ice
(1) Harig & Simons 2015 (2) McMillan et al. 2014 (3) King et al. 2012
(4) Tang et al. 2012 (5) Rignot et al. 2011 (6) Wu et al. 2010
(7) Velicogna et al. 2014
(*) Skeptical Science (*) Multiple sources
14. Decreasing Greenland Land Ice
(1) Jiang et al. 2010 (2) Velicogna et al. 2012 (3) Wu et al. 2010
(4) Ewert et al. 2012 (5) Harig & Simons 2012 (6) Sasgen et al. 2012
(7) Chen et al. 2011
15. Decreasing Glacier Ice
(1) Hock et al. 2009 (2) UNEP (3) Cogley et al. 2009
(4) Leclercq et al. 2011 (5) Marzeion et al. 2012
(6*) Chen et al. 2007 (7*) Luthcke et al. 2008
16. Decreasing Snow Cover
(1) Brown & Robinson 2011 (2) Dery & Brown 2007
17. Decreasing Ocean pH
(1) Feely et al. (NOAA PMEL)
18. Increased Heat Waves
(1) Horton et al. 2015 (2) Horton et al. 2016
19. Tree Lines Shifting Poleward
(1) Caccianiga & Payette 2006 (2) Gamache & Payette 2005 (3) Kharuk et al. 2007
(4) Lloyd & Fastie 2003 (5) Woodall et al. 2009
20. Animals Migration Patterns Shifting
(1) Seebacher & Post 2015 (2) Nature blog post (3) Cohen, Lajeunesse, & Rohr 2018
(4) Furnas & McGrann 2017 (5) Yale article
21. Spring Coming Earlier
(1) Menzel et al. 2006 (2) Ellwood, Primack, & Talmadge 2010
(3) Yu, Luedeling, & Xu 2010 (4) Guo et al. 2014 (5) Nature blog post
22. Decalcification of Ocean Animals
(1) Feely 2008 (Jpg)
23. Intensity and Formation of Tropical Cyclones
(1) Kossin et al. 2013 (intensity) (2) Kossin et al. 2014 (poleward formation)
(3) Benestad et al. 2009 (4) Lucas et al. 2014 (formation area)
(*) Summary
24. The North Atlantic Cold Spot from AMOC Slowdown
(*) Realclimate reference
25. Increased frequency in heavy rainfall events
(*) Papalexiou et al. 2019 (Figure)
HADCRUT4 GISTEMP NOAA data
Cowtan & Way
RSS UAH
Copernicus
MBH98 Data
ACS Primer - Link 1
AMOC - Link 1, Link 2
CO2 as the Culprit - Link 1, (Link 2, Paper, PDF), Link 3
CO2 Vegetative Forcing - Link 1, Link 2
CLIMDEX data indices - Link 1, Link 2
Extreme Events - Link 1
Models - Link 1, Link 2
Polar Bears - Link 1, Link 2
Paleoclimate - Link 1 (Review)
Sea Level Rise - Link 1, Link 2
Sun - Link 1
WXshift - Link 1
- Archer et al. 2009 Annual Review on Carbon's Atmospheric Lifetime (Link)
- Christy Chart (Link)
- Consensus (Link), showing different groups inc. how bad meteorologists are (Link) and Cook's meta analysis (Link)
- Endorsements from 80(!) National Academies of Science (Link)
- Greatest recorded rate of CO2 change before the Industrial Revolution is less than 0.15 ppm per year, 1/20th of today's (Link, Link)
- History of Climate Reporting (Link)
- IPCC AR5 (Link)
- Luntz's Memo (Link)
- RSS MSU & AMSU's Time Series Explorer Tool (Link)
- NOAA ERSSTv4 vs HadCRUT and ERSSTv3 (Link)
- "Plummeting by 1 Degree" Claim (Link)
- Timescales for Detecting Signal in GMST, OHC, SLR (Link)
- Summary of Tropospheric temperatures (Link)
0. CO2 Drives IR Radiation
(1) CO2 correlates with DW IR radiation (Link, Image)
1. Increasing Temperature over Land and Oceans
(*) General Source
(1) NASA GISS (2) JMA (3) HadCRUT, HTML
(4) NOAA (5) Weather Balloons, Paper (6) Compo et al. 2013
(*) Using Climate Proxies:
(7) Pollack et al. - https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/pollack.html (http://tinyurl.com/hhqd5af)
(8) NOAA, several studies - https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/images/last2000-large.jpg (http://tinyurl.com/zhy2gju)
(9) Anderson et al. 2012 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012GL054271/full (http://tinyurl.com/aqruztf)
2. Increasing Sea Surface Temperature
(1) NOAA ERSSTv5
3. Increasing Tropospheric Temperature
(*) TLT: (1) RSS (2) UAH
(*) TMT:
(3) NOAA RATPAC (4) NOAA MSU (5) RSS
(6) HadAT2
4. Increasing Ocean Heat Content
http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2019/01/new-ocean-heat-content-histories/
(*) Upper Ocean (0-700m): (1) Gleckler et al. 2016, Press release
(2) Palmer et al. 2009 (3) Pierce et al. 2012 (4) Gleckler et al. 2012
(*) Deeper Ocean: (5) Purkey & Johnson 2010
(6) Loeb et al. 2012 (7) Balmaseda et al. 2013
(8) Both - Nuccitelli et al. 2012
(9) Barnett et al. 2005
5. Increasing Extreme Heat Events
(1) WXshift (2) Coumou & Robinson 2013 (3) Coumou, Robinson, & Rahmstorf 2013
6. Nights Warming Faster than Days
(1) Alexander et al. 2006 (2) Davy et al. 2017
(*) Phys.org (Clear and Easy)
7. Decreasing Stratospheric Temperature
(1) HadAT2 (2) NOAA STAR (3) NOAA
(4) RSS
8. Rising Tropopause
(1) Santer et al. 2003 (2) Science article (w/ fig)
9. Contracting Ionosphere
(1) Lastovicka et al. 2006
10. Increasing Humidity
(1) HadCRUH (2) HadISDH (3) NOAA
(*) Together (*) Do it yourself with NOAA!
11. Increasing Sea Level
(1) Church et al. 2011 (2) NASA Satellite + Floats (3) CU Sea Level Research Group
(4) Cazenave et al. 2014 (No Hiatus)
12. Decreasing Arctic Sea Ice
(1) Stroeve et al. 2011 (Extent) (2) Polar Science Center (Volume)
(*) Multiple sources
13. Decreasing Antarctic Land Ice
(1) Harig & Simons 2015 (2) McMillan et al. 2014 (3) King et al. 2012
(4) Tang et al. 2012 (5) Rignot et al. 2011 (6) Wu et al. 2010
(7) Velicogna et al. 2014
(*) Skeptical Science (*) Multiple sources
14. Decreasing Greenland Land Ice
(1) Jiang et al. 2010 (2) Velicogna et al. 2012 (3) Wu et al. 2010
(4) Ewert et al. 2012 (5) Harig & Simons 2012 (6) Sasgen et al. 2012
(7) Chen et al. 2011
15. Decreasing Glacier Ice
(1) Hock et al. 2009 (2) UNEP (3) Cogley et al. 2009
(4) Leclercq et al. 2011 (5) Marzeion et al. 2012
(6*) Chen et al. 2007 (7*) Luthcke et al. 2008
16. Decreasing Snow Cover
(1) Brown & Robinson 2011 (2) Dery & Brown 2007
17. Decreasing Ocean pH
(1) Feely et al. (NOAA PMEL)
18. Increased Heat Waves
(1) Horton et al. 2015 (2) Horton et al. 2016
19. Tree Lines Shifting Poleward
(1) Caccianiga & Payette 2006 (2) Gamache & Payette 2005 (3) Kharuk et al. 2007
(4) Lloyd & Fastie 2003 (5) Woodall et al. 2009
20. Animals Migration Patterns Shifting
(1) Seebacher & Post 2015 (2) Nature blog post (3) Cohen, Lajeunesse, & Rohr 2018
(4) Furnas & McGrann 2017 (5) Yale article
21. Spring Coming Earlier
(1) Menzel et al. 2006 (2) Ellwood, Primack, & Talmadge 2010
(3) Yu, Luedeling, & Xu 2010 (4) Guo et al. 2014 (5) Nature blog post
22. Decalcification of Ocean Animals
(1) Feely 2008 (Jpg)
23. Intensity and Formation of Tropical Cyclones
(1) Kossin et al. 2013 (intensity) (2) Kossin et al. 2014 (poleward formation)
(3) Benestad et al. 2009 (4) Lucas et al. 2014 (formation area)
(*) Summary
24. The North Atlantic Cold Spot from AMOC Slowdown
(*) Realclimate reference
25. Increased frequency in heavy rainfall events
(*) Papalexiou et al. 2019 (Figure)
Understanding Zwally et al. 2015 and Antarctic Land Ice
Zwally et al. 2015 is a laser altimetry (LA) study headed by a NASA researcher who used ICESat (a NASA satellite whose mission ended in 2010 with the failure of three of its lasers) observations from 2003-2008 and European Remote Satellite (ERS) observations from 1992-2001 to infer the ice mass gains/losses from Antarctica. They find that, due to strong gains in East Antarctica offsetting losses in West Antarctica, that overall the ice on that continent is increasing 82+/-25 Gt/yr or 112+/-61 Gt/yr (ICESat and ERS, respectively).
Using measurements of elevation change to estimate changes in mass requires knowing the density of the snow. The density of snow at the surface of Antarctica is about 1/3 than that of solid ice. Previous studies employing altimetry over the EAIS have assumed that the change in elevation is due to a recent increase in snowfall and used a density of snow.
Zwally and his team argue that instead, mass is actually accumulating in spite of no increase in snowfall. How can this be? The answer is that the ice sheet is still adjusting to the ~doubling snowfall that took place at the end of the last glacial period, between about 18,000 and 12,000 years ago. Because the accumulation rates and temperature in East Antarctica are so low, the ice sheet has a response time to changes in climate of many millennia. So the ice sheet may still be growing even though there has been no increase in accumulation for more than 10 millennia.
The difference here is crucial: if the increasing height of 1-3 cm a year is owing to recent increases in snowfall, then we should use the density of snow in the calculation. One cm of snow over the entire East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) would increase its mass by around 35 Gt (35 billion metric tons). But if the increase in height simply reflects continuing adjustment since the last glacial period, then — Zwally et al. argue — we should be using the density of ice. That would mean an 1 cm increase in height would reflect an increase in mass of ~92 Gt.
(Gavin Schmidt, RealClimate)
Jay Zwally's own thoughts from Nature - The findings do not mean that Antarctica is not in trouble, Zwally notes. "I know some of the climate deniers will jump on this, and say this means we don't have to worry as much as some people have been making out," he says. "It should not take away from the concern about climate warming." As global temperatures rise, Antarctica is expected to contribute more to sea-level rise, though when exactly that effect will kick in, and to what extent, remains unclear.
And from nasa.gov - “If the losses of the Antarctic Peninsula and parts of West Antarctica continue to increase at the same rate they’ve been increasing for the last two decades, the losses will catch up with the long-term gain in East Antarctica in 20 or 30 years -- I don’t think there will be enough snowfall increase to offset these losses.”
Note that Shepherd et al. (2012) showed laser altimetry estimates that put overall Antarctic Ice gain at 21+/-76 Gt/yr (see AR5 Table 4.A.4). Zwally, with the different density assumed, is an outlier.
Zwally et al. 2015 is a laser altimetry (LA) study headed by a NASA researcher who used ICESat (a NASA satellite whose mission ended in 2010 with the failure of three of its lasers) observations from 2003-2008 and European Remote Satellite (ERS) observations from 1992-2001 to infer the ice mass gains/losses from Antarctica. They find that, due to strong gains in East Antarctica offsetting losses in West Antarctica, that overall the ice on that continent is increasing 82+/-25 Gt/yr or 112+/-61 Gt/yr (ICESat and ERS, respectively).
Using measurements of elevation change to estimate changes in mass requires knowing the density of the snow. The density of snow at the surface of Antarctica is about 1/3 than that of solid ice. Previous studies employing altimetry over the EAIS have assumed that the change in elevation is due to a recent increase in snowfall and used a density of snow.
Zwally and his team argue that instead, mass is actually accumulating in spite of no increase in snowfall. How can this be? The answer is that the ice sheet is still adjusting to the ~doubling snowfall that took place at the end of the last glacial period, between about 18,000 and 12,000 years ago. Because the accumulation rates and temperature in East Antarctica are so low, the ice sheet has a response time to changes in climate of many millennia. So the ice sheet may still be growing even though there has been no increase in accumulation for more than 10 millennia.
The difference here is crucial: if the increasing height of 1-3 cm a year is owing to recent increases in snowfall, then we should use the density of snow in the calculation. One cm of snow over the entire East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) would increase its mass by around 35 Gt (35 billion metric tons). But if the increase in height simply reflects continuing adjustment since the last glacial period, then — Zwally et al. argue — we should be using the density of ice. That would mean an 1 cm increase in height would reflect an increase in mass of ~92 Gt.
(Gavin Schmidt, RealClimate)
Jay Zwally's own thoughts from Nature - The findings do not mean that Antarctica is not in trouble, Zwally notes. "I know some of the climate deniers will jump on this, and say this means we don't have to worry as much as some people have been making out," he says. "It should not take away from the concern about climate warming." As global temperatures rise, Antarctica is expected to contribute more to sea-level rise, though when exactly that effect will kick in, and to what extent, remains unclear.
And from nasa.gov - “If the losses of the Antarctic Peninsula and parts of West Antarctica continue to increase at the same rate they’ve been increasing for the last two decades, the losses will catch up with the long-term gain in East Antarctica in 20 or 30 years -- I don’t think there will be enough snowfall increase to offset these losses.”
Note that Shepherd et al. (2012) showed laser altimetry estimates that put overall Antarctic Ice gain at 21+/-76 Gt/yr (see AR5 Table 4.A.4). Zwally, with the different density assumed, is an outlier.
Study |
Method |
Overall |
GRACE (gravimetry) |
-92+/-10 Gt/yr |
|
GRACE (gravimetry) |
-114+/-23 Gt/yr |
|
ICESat (laser altimetry) ERS (laser altimetry) |
82+/-25 Gt/yr 112+/-61 Gt/yr |
|
CryoSat (gravimetry) |
-160+/-48 Gt/yr |
|
IOM+Gravimetry+Altimetry |
-71+/-53 Gt/yr |
Antarctica's gaining sea ice. And a NASA study [1] suggested it's gaining land ice today due to a steep rise in snowfall ~15,000 yrs ago, in spite of rising global temperatures. Of course, the lead author worried climate change deniers would distort the findings [1]. If the study is true, then there must be extra ice loss somewhere else to account for rising sea levels [2,3]. Other studies suggest Antarctica's losing land ice [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16], Greenland's losing land ice [17], the Arctic is losing sea ice in extent [18] and volume [19], glaciers are overall receding [20,21], and snow cover is declining [22].
[1] Zwally et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zyvvrah
[2] Church 2008 - http://tinyurl.com/ycfy2fc
[3] NASA Satellite and Ground data - http://tinyurl.com/ks3fkjt
[4] Shepherd et al. 2016 (Fig 5) - http://tinyurl.com/jy5h2z9
[5] McMillan et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/nmfohot [6] Harig & Simons 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zs4uxz3 [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] King et al. 2012; Tang et al. 2012; Rignot et al. 2011c; Shi et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2010; Cazenave et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2009; E et al. 2009; Horwath & Dietrich 2009; Velicogna 2009 - for summary, http://tinyurl.com/jb3g23h [17] Jiang 2010 - http://tinyurl.com/zz8a8x9 [18] Stroeve et al. 2012 - http://tinyurl.com/h25frcp [19] Schweiger et al. 2011 - http://tinyurl.com/nmrcvug [20] Cogley et al. 2009 - http://tinyurl.com/zp2pmbx [21] World Glacier Monitoring Service (Fig 5.9) - http://tinyurl.com/ya5tdbg [22] Dery & Brown 2007 - http://tinyurl.com/jqcqd7x
===================================================================
I mean, we're all irrational. That's about as clear as you can get from the field of psychology. That's why we let the science speak for itself :) For example, if one has a preconception that global warming isn't happening, because that forms part of their identiy, then they can say something like "Antarctica is gaining sea ice and a NASA study found it's gaining land ice!" But when we step back and let the science speak for itself, we find that the NASA study [1] suggested it's gaining land ice today due to a steep rise in snowfall ~15,000 yrs ago, in spite of rising global temperatures; that the lead author worried climate change deniers would distort the findings [1]; and that if the study is true, then there must be extra ice loss somewhere else to account for rising sea levels [2,3]. We also find that other studies suggest Antarctica's losing land ice [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16], Greenland's losing land ice [17], the Arctic is losing sea ice in extent [18] and volume [19], glaciers are overall receding [20,21], and snow cover is declining [22]. Similarly, if one wanted to confirm their preconception that global warming isn't happening, they can say "one group's tropospheric measurements show no warming! (after you remove half the data.)" But when we step back and let the science speak for itself, we find satellite and ground measurements of land and ocean temperatures find warming [23,24,25,26,27,28,29], increased sea surface temperature [30,31], and *increased* tropospheric temperatures from Christy's UAH group and RSS [32]. So it explains why someone would distort a NASA study, or cherry pick and manipulate one set of measurements, to push an agenda even if they are acting in good faith - when irrational people settle on an idea, it's tough to change their minds despite myriad evidence to the contrary (cf. confirmation bias, backfire effect, etc.) I think you get it now, so let's see how it plays out... ;) Cheers!
[1] Zwally et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zyvvrah [2] Church 2008 - http://tinyurl.com/ycfy2fc [3] NASA Satellite and Ground data - http://tinyurl.com/ks3fkjt [4] Shepherd et al. 2016 (Fig 5) - http://tinyurl.com/jy5h2z9 [5] McMillan et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/nmfohot [6] Harig & Simons 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zs4uxz3 [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] King et al. 2012; Tang et al. 2012; Rignot et al. 2011c; Shi et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2010; Cazenave et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2009; E et al. 2009; Horwath & Dietrich 2009; Velicogna 2009 - for summary, http://tinyurl.com/jb3g23h [17] Jiang 2010 - http://tinyurl.com/zz8a8x9 [18] Stroeve et al. 2012 - http://tinyurl.com/h25frcp [19] Schweiger et al. 2011 - http://tinyurl.com/nmrcvug [20] Cogley et al. 2009 - http://tinyurl.com/zp2pmbx [21] World Glacier Monitoring Service (Fig 5.9) - http://tinyurl.com/ya5tdbg [22] Dery & Brown 2007 - http://tinyurl.com/jqcqd7x [23] NASA GISS - http://tinyurl.com/yv3a9x [24] HadCRUT- http://tinyurl.com/ouxghs5 [25] NOAA - http://tinyurl.com/j2xu9ml [26] Angell weather balloon measurements - http://tinyurl.com/hrecbuo [27] Pollack, Huang, & Shen - http://tinyurl.com/hhqd5af [28] http://tinyurl.com/zhy2gju [29] Compo et al. 2013 - http://tinyurl.com/zr32tuq [30] NASA GISS - http://tinyurl.com/epy8o [31] Barnett et al. 2005 - http://tinyurl.com/j87yqhp [32] UAH, Christy, RSS - http://tinyurl.com/glvq5y3
[1] Zwally et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zyvvrah
[2] Church 2008 - http://tinyurl.com/ycfy2fc
[3] NASA Satellite and Ground data - http://tinyurl.com/ks3fkjt
[4] Shepherd et al. 2016 (Fig 5) - http://tinyurl.com/jy5h2z9
[5] McMillan et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/nmfohot [6] Harig & Simons 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zs4uxz3 [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] King et al. 2012; Tang et al. 2012; Rignot et al. 2011c; Shi et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2010; Cazenave et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2009; E et al. 2009; Horwath & Dietrich 2009; Velicogna 2009 - for summary, http://tinyurl.com/jb3g23h [17] Jiang 2010 - http://tinyurl.com/zz8a8x9 [18] Stroeve et al. 2012 - http://tinyurl.com/h25frcp [19] Schweiger et al. 2011 - http://tinyurl.com/nmrcvug [20] Cogley et al. 2009 - http://tinyurl.com/zp2pmbx [21] World Glacier Monitoring Service (Fig 5.9) - http://tinyurl.com/ya5tdbg [22] Dery & Brown 2007 - http://tinyurl.com/jqcqd7x
===================================================================
I mean, we're all irrational. That's about as clear as you can get from the field of psychology. That's why we let the science speak for itself :) For example, if one has a preconception that global warming isn't happening, because that forms part of their identiy, then they can say something like "Antarctica is gaining sea ice and a NASA study found it's gaining land ice!" But when we step back and let the science speak for itself, we find that the NASA study [1] suggested it's gaining land ice today due to a steep rise in snowfall ~15,000 yrs ago, in spite of rising global temperatures; that the lead author worried climate change deniers would distort the findings [1]; and that if the study is true, then there must be extra ice loss somewhere else to account for rising sea levels [2,3]. We also find that other studies suggest Antarctica's losing land ice [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16], Greenland's losing land ice [17], the Arctic is losing sea ice in extent [18] and volume [19], glaciers are overall receding [20,21], and snow cover is declining [22]. Similarly, if one wanted to confirm their preconception that global warming isn't happening, they can say "one group's tropospheric measurements show no warming! (after you remove half the data.)" But when we step back and let the science speak for itself, we find satellite and ground measurements of land and ocean temperatures find warming [23,24,25,26,27,28,29], increased sea surface temperature [30,31], and *increased* tropospheric temperatures from Christy's UAH group and RSS [32]. So it explains why someone would distort a NASA study, or cherry pick and manipulate one set of measurements, to push an agenda even if they are acting in good faith - when irrational people settle on an idea, it's tough to change their minds despite myriad evidence to the contrary (cf. confirmation bias, backfire effect, etc.) I think you get it now, so let's see how it plays out... ;) Cheers!
[1] Zwally et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zyvvrah [2] Church 2008 - http://tinyurl.com/ycfy2fc [3] NASA Satellite and Ground data - http://tinyurl.com/ks3fkjt [4] Shepherd et al. 2016 (Fig 5) - http://tinyurl.com/jy5h2z9 [5] McMillan et al. 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/nmfohot [6] Harig & Simons 2015 - http://tinyurl.com/zs4uxz3 [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16] King et al. 2012; Tang et al. 2012; Rignot et al. 2011c; Shi et al. 2011; Wu et al. 2010; Cazenave et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2009; E et al. 2009; Horwath & Dietrich 2009; Velicogna 2009 - for summary, http://tinyurl.com/jb3g23h [17] Jiang 2010 - http://tinyurl.com/zz8a8x9 [18] Stroeve et al. 2012 - http://tinyurl.com/h25frcp [19] Schweiger et al. 2011 - http://tinyurl.com/nmrcvug [20] Cogley et al. 2009 - http://tinyurl.com/zp2pmbx [21] World Glacier Monitoring Service (Fig 5.9) - http://tinyurl.com/ya5tdbg [22] Dery & Brown 2007 - http://tinyurl.com/jqcqd7x [23] NASA GISS - http://tinyurl.com/yv3a9x [24] HadCRUT- http://tinyurl.com/ouxghs5 [25] NOAA - http://tinyurl.com/j2xu9ml [26] Angell weather balloon measurements - http://tinyurl.com/hrecbuo [27] Pollack, Huang, & Shen - http://tinyurl.com/hhqd5af [28] http://tinyurl.com/zhy2gju [29] Compo et al. 2013 - http://tinyurl.com/zr32tuq [30] NASA GISS - http://tinyurl.com/epy8o [31] Barnett et al. 2005 - http://tinyurl.com/j87yqhp [32] UAH, Christy, RSS - http://tinyurl.com/glvq5y3
